Abstract
Background
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization worldwide despite substantial therapeutic advances. Over the past three decades, randomized clinical trials have established four foundational pharmacologic pillars of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT): renin–angiotensin system inhibition or angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibition, evidence-based beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. However, real-world implementation of these therapies remains suboptimal.
Objectives
To provide a contemporary state-of-the-art review of current evidence supporting GDMT in HFrEF, examine unresolved challenges in sequencing and optimization, and propose a practical phenotype-based framework to support individualized treatment decisions
.Methods A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify relevant publications from January 2000 to February 2026. Priority was given to randomized controlled trials, international guidelines, metaanalyses, and high-quality observational registries addressing GDMT initiation, sequencing, tolerability, and implementation.
Results
Robust evidence supports early and combined use of the four foundational GDMT classes, with substantial reductions in mortality and heart failure hospitalization. Emerging data favor rapid initiation of multiple therapies followed by structured uptitration rather than prolonged sequential strategies. Nevertheless, important barriers persist, including hypotension, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia, frailty, polypharmacy, therapeutic inertia, and inequitable access to medications. Current guidelines provide limited practical direction regarding treatment prioritization in complex clinical phenotypes. A phenotype-based decision framework may facilitate earlier, safer, and more individualized implementation of GDMT in routine practice. Conclusions
The principal challenge in modern HFrEF management is no longer the absence of effective therapies, but failure to deliver proven therapies rapidly, comprehensively, and sustainably. Future progress may depend less on development of new drug classes and more on optimizing implementation of currently available life-saving treatments through phenotype-informed and patient-centered strategies.
Recommended Citation
Shahverdi, Ehsan; Shahverdi, Amin; Shahi, Sendooran; Schneider, Carsten; Lange, Mathias; and Kamali, Shadi
(2026)
"Personalizing Modern Heart Failure Therapy in HFrEF: Bridging Evidence, Clinical Practice, and Future Perspectives,"
Journal of the Saudi Heart Association: Vol. 38
:
Iss.
2
, Article 22.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.37616/2212-5043.1513
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.
